Keyboard Shortcuts

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Keyboard Shortcuts For Windows and Mac

Keyboard shortcuts are often used in modern operating systems and computer software programs.

Using keyboard shortcuts could save you a lot of time.

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Basic Shortcuts

Description	Windows	Mac OS
Edit menu	Alt + E	Ctrl + F2 + F
File menu	Alt + F	Ctrl + F2 + E
View menu	Alt + V	Ctrl + F2 + V
Select all text	Ctrl + A	Cmd + A
Copy text	Ctrl + C	Cmd + C
Find text	Ctrl + F	Cmd + F
Find and replace text	Ctrl + H	Cmd + F
New Document	Ctrl + N	Cmd + N
Open a file	Ctrl + O	Cmd + O
Print options	Ctrl + P	Cmd + P
Save file	Ctrl + S	Cmd + S
Paste text	Ctrl + V	Cmd + V
Cut text	Ctrl + X	Cmd + X
Redo text	Ctrl + Y	Shift + Cmd + Z
Undo text	Ctrl + Z	Cmd + Z

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Text Editing

Description	Windows	Mac OS
Cursor Movement
Go to the right or to the beginning of next line break	Right Arrow	Right Arrow
Go to the left or to the end of previous line break	Left Arrow	Left Arrow
Go up one row	Up Arrow	Up Arrow
Go down one row	Down Arrow	Down Arrow
Go to the beginning of the current line	Home	Cmd + Left Arrow
Go to the end of the current line	End	Cmd + Right Arrow
Go to the beginning of the document	Ctrl + Home	Cmd + Up Arrow
Go to the end of the document	Ctrl + End	Cmd + Down Arrow
Move up one frame	Page Up	Fn + Up Arrow
Move down one frame	Page Down	Fn + Down Arrow
Go to beginning of previous word	Ctrl + Left Arrow	Option + Left Arrow
Go to beginning of next word	Ctrl + Right Arrow	Option + Right Arrow
Go to beginning of line break	Ctrl + Up Arrow	Cmd + Left Arrow
Go to end of line break	Ctrl + Down Arrow	Cmd + Right Arrow
Text Selection
Select characters to the left	Shift + Left Arrow	Shift + Left Arrow
Select characters to the right	Shift + Right Arrow	Shift + Right Arrow
Select lines upwards	Shift + Up Arrow	Shift + Up Arrow
Select lines downwards	Shift + Down Arrow	Shift + Down Arrow
Select words to the left	Shift + Ctrl + Left	Shift + Opt + Left
Select words to the right	Shift + Ctrl + Right	Shift + Opt + Right
Select paragraphs to the left	Shift + Ctrl + Up	Shift + Opt + Up
Select paragraphs to the right	Shift + Ctrl + Down	Shift + Opt + Down
Select text between the cursor and the beginning of the current line	Shift + Home	Cmd + Shift + Left Arrow
Select text between the cursor and the end of the current line	Shift + End	Cmd + Shift + Right Arrow
Select text between the cursor and the beginning of the document	Shift + Ctrl + Home	Cmd + Shift + Up Arrow or Cmd + Shift + Fn + Left Arrow
Select text between the cursor and the end of the document	Shift + Ctrl + End	Cmd + Shift + Down Arrow or Cmd + Shift + Fn + Right Arrow
Select one frame at a time of text above the cursor	Shift + Page Up	Shift + Fn + Up Arrow
Select one frame at a time of text below the cursor	Shift + Page Down	Shift + Fn + Down Arrow
Select all text	Ctrl + A	Cmd + A
Find text	Ctrl + F	Cmd + F
Text Formatting
Make selected text bold	Ctrl + B	Cmd + B
Make selected text italic	Ctrl + I	Cmd + I
Underline selected text	Ctrl + U	Cmd + U
Make selected text superscript	Ctrl + Shift + =	Cmd + Shift + =
Make selected text subscript	Ctrl + =	Cmd + =
Text Editing
Delete characters to the left	Backspace	Backspace
Delete characters to the right	Delete	Fn + Backspace
Delete words to the right	Ctrl + Del	Cmd + Backspace
Delete words to the left	Ctrl + Backspace	Cmd + Fn + Backspace
Indent	Tab	Tab
Outdent	Shift + Tab	Shift + Tab
Copy text	Ctrl + C	Cmd + C
Find and replace text	Ctrl + H	Cmd + F
Paste text	Ctrl + V	Cmd + V
Cut text	Ctrl + X	Cmd + X
Redo text	Ctrl + Y	Shift + Cmd + Z
Undo text	Ctrl + Z	Cmd + Z

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Web Browsers

Description	Windows	Mac OS
Navigation
Scroll down a frame	Space or Page Down	Space or Fn + Down Arrow
Scroll up a frame	Shift + Space or Page Up	Shift + Space or Fn + Up Arrow
Go to bottom of the page	End	Cmd + Down Arrow
Go to top of the page	Home	Cmd + Up Arrow
Go back	Alt + Left Arrow or Backspace	Cmd + Left Arrow
Go forward	Alt + Right Arrow or Shift + Backspace	Cmd + Right Arrow
Refresh a webpage	F5	Cmd + R
Refresh a webpage (no cache)	Ctrl + F5	Cmd + Shift + R
Stop	Esc	Esc
Toggle full-screen	F11	Cmd + Shift + F
Zoom in	Ctrl + +	Cmd + +
Zoom out	Ctrl + -	Cmd + -
Zoom 100% (default)	Ctrl + 0	Cmd + 0
Open homepage	Alt + Home	Option + Home or Option + Fn + Left Arrow
Find text	Ctrl + F	Cmd + F
Tab / Window Management
Open a new tab	Ctrl + T	Cmd + T
Close current tab	Ctrl + W	Cmd + W
Close all tabs	Ctrl + Shift + W	Cmd + Q
Close all tabs except the current tab	Ctrl + Alt + F4	Cmd + Opt + W
Go to next tab	Ctrl + Tab	Control + Tab or Cmd + Shift + Right Arrow
Go to previous tab	Ctrl + Shift + Tab	Shift + Control + Tab or Cmd + Shift + Left Arrow
Go to a specific tab number	Ctrl + 1-8	Cmd + 1-8
Go to the last tab	Ctrl + 9	Cmd + 9
Reopen the last closed tab	Ctrl + Shift + T	Cmd + Shift + T
Open a new window	Ctrl + N	Cmd + N
Close current window	Alt + F4	Cmd + W
Go to next window	Alt + Tab	Cmd + Tab
Go to previous window	Alt + Shift + Tab	Cmd + Shift + Tab
Reopen the last closed window	Ctrl + Shift + N
Open links in a new tab in the background	Ctrl + Click	Cmd + Click
Open links in a new tab in the foreground	Ctrl + Shift + Click	Cmd + Shift + Click
Print current webpage	Ctrl + P	Cmd + P
Save current webpage	Ctrl + S	Cmd + S
Address Bar
Cycle between toolbar, search bar, and page elements	Tab	Tab
Go to browser's address bar	Ctrl + L or Alt + D	Cmd + L
Focus and select the browser's search bar	Ctrl + E	Cmd + E / Cmd + K
Open the address bar location in a new tab	Alt + Enter	Opt + Enter
Display a list of previously typed addresses	F4
Add "www." to the beginning and ".com" to the end of the text typed in the address bar (e.g., type "w3schools" and press Ctrl + Enter to open "www.w3schools.com")	Ctrl + Enter	Cmd + Enter or Control + Enter
Bookmarks
Open the bookmarks menu	Ctrl + B	Cmd + B
Add bookmark for current page	Ctrl + D	Cmd + Opt + B or Cmd + Shift + B
Open browsing history	Ctrl + H	Cmd + Shift + H or Cmd + Y
Open download history	Ctrl + J	Cmd + J or Cmd + Shift + J

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Screenshots

Description	Windows	Mac OS
Save screenshot of the whole screen as file		Cmd + Shift + 3
Copy screenshot of the whole screen to the clipboard	PrtScr (Print Screen) or Ctrl + PrtScr	Cmd + Ctrl + Shift + 3
Save screenshot of window as file		Cmd + Shift + 4, then Space
Copy screenshot of window to the clipboard	Alt + PrtScr	Cmd + Ctrl + Shift + 4, then Space
Copy screenshot of wanted area to the clipboard		Cmd + Ctrl + Shift + 4
Save screenshot of wanted area as file		Cmd + Shift + 4

Note: Due to different keyboard setups, some shortcuts may not be compatible for all users.

HTTP Metodes

HTTP Methods: GET vs. POST

The two most used HTTP methods are: GET and POST.

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What is HTTP?

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is designed to enable communications between clients and servers.

HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server.

A web browser may be the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web site may be the server.

Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the server returns a response to the client. The response contains status information about the request and may also contain the requested content.

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Two HTTP Request Methods: GET and POST

Two commonly used methods for a request-response between a client and server are: GET and POST.

• GET - Requests data from a specified resource
• POST - Submits data to be processed to a specified resource

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The GET Method

Note that query strings (name/value pairs) is sent in the URL of a GET request:

/test/demo_form.asp?name1=value1&name2=value2

Some other notes on GET requests:

• GET requests can be cached
• GET requests remain in the browser history
• GET requests can be bookmarked
• GET requests should never be used when dealing with sensitive data
• GET requests have length restrictions
• GET requests should be used only to retrieve data

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The POST Method

Note that query strings (name/value pairs) is sent in the HTTP message body of a POST request:

POST /test/demo_form.asp HTTP/1.1
Host: w3schools.com
name1=value1&name2=value2

Some other notes on POST requests:

• POST requests are never cached
• POST requests do not remain in the browser history
• POST requests cannot be bookmarked
• POST requests have no restrictions on data length

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Compare GET vs. POST

The following table compares the two HTTP methods: GET and POST.

	GET	POST
BACK button/Reload	Harmless	Data will be re-submitted (the browser should alert the user that the data are about to be re-submitted)
Bookmarked	Can be bookmarked	Cannot be bookmarked
Cached	Can be cached	Not cached
Encoding type	application/x-www-form-urlencoded	application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data. Use multipart encoding for binary data
History	Parameters remain in browser history	Parameters are not saved in browser history
Restrictions on data length	Yes, when sending data, the GET method adds the data to the URL; and the length of a URL is limited (maximum URL length is 2048 characters)	No restrictions
Restrictions on data type	Only ASCII characters allowed	No restrictions. Binary data is also allowed
Security	GET is less secure compared to POST because data sent is part of the URL Never use GET when sending passwords or other sensitive information!	POST is a little safer than GET because the parameters are not stored in browser history or in web server logs
Visibility	Data is visible to everyone in the URL	Data is not displayed in the URL

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Other HTTP Request Methods

The following table lists some other HTTP request methods:

Method	Description
HEAD	Same as GET but returns only HTTP headers and no document body
PUT	Uploads a representation of the specified URI
DELETE	Deletes the specified resource
OPTIONS	Returns the HTTP methods that the server supports
CONNECT	Converts the request connection to a transparent TCP/IP tunnel

HTML Messages

HTTP Status Messages

When a browser requests a service from a web server, an error might occur.

This is a list of HTTP status messages that might be returned:

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1xx: Information

Message:	Description:
100 Continue	The server has received the request headers, and the client should proceed to send the request body
101 Switching Protocols	The requester has asked the server to switch protocols
103 Checkpoint	Used in the resumable requests proposal to resume aborted PUT or POST requests

2xx: Successful

Message:	Description:
200 OK	The request is OK (this is the standard response for successful HTTP requests)
201 Created	The request has been fulfilled, and a new resource is created
202 Accepted	The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed
203 Non-Authoritative Information	The request has been successfully processed, but is returning information that may be from another source
204 No Content	The request has been successfully processed, but is not returning any content
205 Reset Content	The request has been successfully processed, but is not returning any content, and requires that the requester reset the document view
206 Partial Content	The server is delivering only part of the resource due to a range header sent by the client

3xx: Redirection

Message:	Description:
300 Multiple Choices	A link list. The user can select a link and go to that location. Maximum five addresses
301 Moved Permanently	The requested page has moved to a new URL
302 Found	The requested page has moved temporarily to a new URL
303 See Other	The requested page can be found under a different URL
304 Not Modified	Indicates the requested page has not been modified since last requested
306 Switch Proxy	No longer used
307 Temporary Redirect	The requested page has moved temporarily to a new URL
308 Resume Incomplete	Used in the resumable requests proposal to resume aborted PUT or POST requests

4xx: Client Error

Message:	Description:
400 Bad Request	The request cannot be fulfilled due to bad syntax
401 Unauthorized	The request was a legal request, but the server is refusing to respond to it. For use when authentication is possible but has failed or not yet been provided
402 Payment Required	Reserved for future use
403 Forbidden	The request was a legal request, but the server is refusing to respond to it
404 Not Found	The requested page could not be found but may be available again in the future
405 Method Not Allowed	A request was made of a page using a request method not supported by that page
406 Not Acceptable	The server can only generate a response that is not accepted by the client
407 Proxy Authentication Required	The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy
408 Request Timeout	The server timed out waiting for the request
409 Conflict	The request could not be completed because of a conflict in the request
410 Gone	The requested page is no longer available
411 Length Required	The "Content-Length" is not defined. The server will not accept the request without it
412 Precondition Failed	The precondition given in the request evaluated to false by the server
413 Request Entity Too Large	The server will not accept the request, because the request entity is too large
414 Request-URI Too Long	The server will not accept the request, because the URL is too long. Occurs when you convert a POST request to a GET request with a long query information
415 Unsupported Media Type	The server will not accept the request, because the media type is not supported
416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable	The client has asked for a portion of the file, but the server cannot supply that portion
417 Expectation Failed	The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header field

5xx: Server Error

Message:	Description:
500 Internal Server Error	A generic error message, given when no more specific message is suitable
501 Not Implemented	The server either does not recognize the request method, or it lacks the ability to fulfill the request
502 Bad Gateway	The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and received an invalid response from the upstream server
503 Service Unavailable	The server is currently unavailable (overloaded or down)
504 Gateway Timeout	The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did not receive a timely response from the upstream server
505 HTTP Version Not Supported	The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request
511 Network Authentication Required	The client needs to authenticate to gain network access